Visualizing Postwar Tokyo, Part 1guestVisualizing Postwar Tokyo, Part 12021/08/11 07:05
Lecture 1.1: Views from the U.S. Air Force
NARRATOR: Succeeding bomber groups add their devastation
to the smoking targets.
SHUNYA YOSHIMI: World War II was the first war
where area bombing played a central role in the battle.
German Air Force bombed London, and London was destroyed completely.
British and America air force bombed Dresden and other German cities.
NARRATOR: The bombers turn and go downwind.
Japan's air force bombed Chinese cities: Shanghai, Nanjing, and Chongqing.
And the US air force bombed Okinawa, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki,
and more than 200 cities in Japan.
And by this bombing, 330,000 people died.
Most of this bombing was done after March 1945.
At the moment, Japanese air defense had already collapsed.
So American air force could do the bombing from low altitude at midnight.
These bombings include fire bomb and also napalm bomb.
This kind of the air force bombing continued even after the war.
During Korean War, Vietnam War, and even Gulf and Iraq War.
So we can consider the continuity of air force bombing
throughout 20th century and early 21st century,
especially during Cold War era.
I'm going to show some of the pictures of destroyed Tokyo
by air force bombing at the end of the war.
This is a picture of destroyed Tokyo after March 10 bombing.
You can see the center of Tokyo was almost burned out.
This is northeast downtown Tokyo.
You can see the river of Sumida River.
Sumida River is the widest river which goes through northeast Tokyo downtown.
This is an area of northeast downtown Tokyo,
and you also can see the Sumida River.
These pictures were taken by American Air Force.
So this is the landscape viewed by American Air Force.
The number of Japanese victims in World War II.
So in Hiroshima, more than 200,000 people
died because of atomic bomb in August 1945.
In Okinawa, more than 150,000 people died by the battle in June 1945.
But in Tokyo, around 100,000 people died by the bombing by American air force.
So Tokyo, Okinawa, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki,
these four areas were the area where most of the people died by the battle
at the end of the war.
This map shows the burned-out area of Tokyo by the bombing.
So one-third of this city was completely burned and destroyed
by the end of the war.
This was the starting point of post-war Tokyo.
And I'm going to explain and discuss about what
happened after this complete destruction during post-war era.
2.1 Entrance and Disappearance of the Emperor
Tokyo was the imperial city.
Imperial city means the city where the emperor lives.
But the meaning of the emperor, in Japanese,
and the meaning of the emperor in the Western world
is a little bit different.
In Japanese it is called tenno.
But tenno was very different, in two ways, from Western world.
First, tenno was a religious and cultural center
who is confined in Kyoto area.
The political center of Edo era was shogun, who lived in Edo.
And secondly, tenno was a sacred figure or sacred body,
which cannot be seen or touched by other people.
So the body of the emperor, or tenno, should
be concealed in some very limited spaces.
For example, after the Meiji Restoration, the body of a tenno
was moved from Kyoto to Edo, because the new political leader of the Meiji
government wanted to bring his body to Tokyo
and tried to transform his centricity from not only the cultural
and the religious center, to but also political center.
So this moving was necessary for them.
But even in this tour, from Kyoto to Edo, the palanquin concealed his body.
You can see this palanquin, or carriage, in this picture, or woodblock print.
Gray and black and yellow carriage is emperor's carriage.
But we cannot see his body at all.
So, in this stage, there are no visual relationship between emperor
and ordinary people in this society.
But after the 1870s, the new visual relationship between emperor
and the people in this nation was invented and promoted.
In the 1870s, emperor toured all around the area in this nation.
And in this process, because he visited in many villages and towns,
people were ordered to watch the emperor directly.
In Edo period, the people should not watch the emperor, or shogun.
But in this process, they were ordered to watch.
And after the 1880s, for example, in this woodblock print,
the emperor is a person who is behind.
But he watched the map of the Korean Peninsula.
Because this is a picture just before first Sino-Japanese war.
And all the political leaders in Meiji government
watch this map with strong desire, or intention of invasion and imperialism.
On the other hand, many performances and bodies and area
was watched by emperor's gaze.
In this woodblock print, people who are training the body in athletic movement
was watched by emperor.
And this watching, or this gazing, legitimized their athletic movement,
or their performance.
The visual relationship between emperor and his subject
was very much important moment of constructing the power structure
in this nation, after the Meiji era.
So after the middle of Meiji era, the portrait of emperor was taken by photo,
and distributed all around the nation in elementary school,
or local government, and many other official institutions.
This is a portrait of Meiji Emperor.
Actually, this portrait was drawn by Italian painter named Chiossone.
And this picture, or drawn portrait, was taken by photographer.
And the photograph of portrait was distributed all around this society.
In this photograph, elementary or junior high school students
bowed in front of the emperor's photograph.
But the emperor's photograph in the white monument
was not shown to the students at all.
So the relationship between the emperor's photograph or portrait
and students became a kind of invisible relationship, which
is different from the visible relationship between these two
in Meiji era.
So there are two stages.
On the first hand, on the first place, the invisible sacred relationship
has changed towards the visual relationship
between emperor and his subject.
But again, in Showa era, that this visual relationship
between emperor and his subject was turned
to some kind of invisible relationship.
In order to summarize what I discussed in this unit,
we can understand the relationship between the people
and emperor in the picture left side.
Because there is a kind of a cloud between people and emperor.
So the gazing, or other kind of the perspective from the people, cannot go,
or cannot reach, to emperor.
They only can feel or can imagine the sacred body of emperor
beyond this cloud.
But after the Meiji Restoration, the government
tried to construct the direct visual relationship between people and emperor
because it is so important to construct the new political order
of this modern nation.
But at the same time, after the 1920s or 1930s,
this direct visual relationship has changed a little,
or in some way toward, in some sense, invisible relationship.
So visuality and invisibility, or visibility and invisibility,
between ruling class people and ordinary people,
or emperor and the people in the nation, was
quite important to think in a whole understanding of the power
relationship of this society.
Lecture 3.1: Celebrating the Economic Growth
In May 1959, Tokyo was selected as the venue for the 18th Olympic Games
In 1964.
In the General Assembly of International Olympic Committee, IOC,
the people in the Sports Association and Japanese Government
were very eager to host the Olympic games again from 1950s
because Tokyo was already selected as the Olympic venue in 1940.
The Olympics in 1940 was prepared but canceled because of war.
So just after the occupation ended, the government
and the people in the Sports Association wanted
to invite the Olympic Games in this city again.
They started to contact key people in IOC.
They argued Tokyo had the ability to host the Olympic games even
after the war.
So there's a kind of continuity from prewar period
to postwar period in terms of hosting the Olympic Games or the Olympic
Games in 1940 and the Olympic Games in 1964.
But at the same time, the Olympic Games of 1964
was held at the exact moment when the Japanese postwar economy was
rapidly growing.
So there's a strong connection between the celebration of these Olympic Games
and the celebration of Japanese rapid economic growth.
Especially because of Japanese rapid economic growth,
these Olympic Games became a very important occasion
to promote many urban constructions, construction
of new roads, a new expressway, and new buildings, and new stadiums.
For example, this photograph shows the celebration
of the decision of this hosting.
But this photograph also on the one hand shows such kind of the celebration
but at the same time you can see that many small old houses,
crowded houses in downtown Tokyo.
So you can see the sharp contrast between the new big buildings
and at the same time small tiny old houses in Tokyo.
This is the landscape of Tokyo in late 1950s.
Many people were living in small, old houses.
But at the same time new construction was going on.
In this process of preparing for the Olympic Games,
many new roads and many buildings were constructed,
including Yoyogi Olympic Stadium and Olympic Village, and also
Komazawa Olympic Park, and the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway.
The network of this expressway changed the landscape of Tokyo very much.
And Shinkansen.
Shinkansen is a super rapid express railway between Tokyo and Osaka.
And other streets and the Tokyo Monorail,
which brings the people to Haneda Airport.
So all of this new transportation system and new stadium
were constructed in this process.
This is a photograph of the National Stadium in Aoyama.
This stadium was already constructed before the decision.
But it was reformed.
And this national gymnasium was a new construction designed by Kenzo Tange.
When the construction was accomplished in Yoyogi,
these two buildings were so impressive and became very famous
of this architecture.
Also this is Komawaza Olympic Park.
This Olympic Park became the very familiar place for the many citizens
in Tokyo.
And this is Aoyama Street under construction in 1963.
So some of the main streets in Tokyo were constructed or rebuilt
in that moment.
And this is the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway on the river
or on the canal, because this new highway system was constructed
basically on the river and canal in Tokyo.
And besides this expressway, the monorail toward Haneda Airport
was also constructed.
And of course, Shinkansen, the super express railway to Osaka.
So after all this kind of the construction,
the Tokyo Olympics was started with this opening ceremony.
This photograph shows the lighting of the Olympic flame.
So we can see some of the moving images of Tokyo
just before the Olympic Games started.
The most important point of the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964
was its relationship with rapid economic growth in Japan in the 1960s.
This graph shows the increase of GDP in Japan in the 1960s.
And you can understand the Olympic Games took place
exactly when the Japanese economy was growing.
This relationship repeated in the Seoul Olympic Games and the Beijing Olympic
Games again and again.
This graph shows the Korean GDP and the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988.
The Seoul Olympic Games took place exactly when
the Korean GDP or economy was growing.
And also this graph shows the relationship
between the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008
and Chinese economic growth after 2000.
So you also can understand that the Beijing Olympic
Games was held when the Chinese economy was rapidly growing.
In all of these three cases, there were relationships
between the Olympic Games and economic growth.
And in Tokyo in the 1960s, through holding the Olympic Games,
the Tokyo city was developed and expanded in many ways.
So we are going to consider or discuss the relationship between the Olympic
Games in 1964 and the expansion of Tokyo in the 1960s.
Through considering this relationship we can understand
or we can get some kind of insight to consider about the Seoul Olympic
Games or Beijing Olympic Games, too.
End of transcript. Skip to the start.
4.1 Concentration and Urban Culture
In the first and second modules, I discussed the city
as the place of "gazing."
The visual relationship between occupier and occupied or the relationship
between emperor and the people in this nation.
As I talked in the first week, American occupation army
came to Japan with their new visualizing technology,
especially a huge number of cameras.
And by these cameras, the people, activity, landscape in occupied Japan
was precisely documented.
But on the other hand, the people and occupation army
who documented in this society were not so much visualized.
In other words, the fact of the occupation
itself was not so much visualized.
The image of the Douglas MacArthur or the image of occupation
are prohibited to be visualized.
Instead of this lack of visualization, the image of Emperor Hirohito
did appear in front of people.
So the image of Hirohito or image of emperor
and his visit in many cities and countries
and the relationship between emperor and the people in this nation
again and again visualized and performed in many media and events.
So there's a kind of continuity from before the war
and after the war in terms of visual relationship between emperor
and the people in this nation.
Throughout all of these discussions, I consider the city as a place of gazing.
But here I want to emphasize that the city is not only the place of gazing
but also it's the place of concentration.
What I mean by the word of "concentration"--
concentration of culture, economic activity, and of course, population.
Population concentration and economic concentration
and cultural concentration interact and related with each other.
In some cases, these different dimensions
contradict and clash with each other.
Tokyo, especially postwar Tokyo, was a huge metropolis
to which people concentrated and economic activity concentrated,
and also cultural activity concentrated.
But more than that, also within this huge metropolis
there is some district where many cultural and economic activities
concentrate and the people gathered very densely.
Here, Shinjuku, Shibuya, Ikebukuro, or Asakusa or Ginza--
all these kind of district is a place where
more and more people concentrated and cultural and economic activity
concentrated, more than many other districts.
So we can say these kind of the district as urban core.
There are many urban cores in Tokyo throughout modern and postwar history,
but the structure of these urban cores are different with each other
from a historical perspective.
I will explain about the difference of these urban cores.
Tokyo was called Edo until the middle 19th century.
The population of Edo was already more than one million,
so it was a huge metropolis already.
But the center of this city-- this is Edo.
The center of this city was occupied by ruling class samurai people--
so merchants, artisans, or religious people,
or ordinary citizen cannot get into this center.
It is quite different from European cities.
So urban core-- I mean, urban core is a concentrated area
of people and activity and so on.
So urban core of this city were located at the fringe
of this city-- this is Asakusa, this is Ryogoku, and this is Shiba.
All these districts were a kind of cultural center
or cultural core of the city.
But this area was at the fringe of this city.
That means border of inside and outside of the city.
This is a typical pattern of urban core or cultural core of premodern cities.
But after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, new type of urban space
was implemented in this city.
Edo was renamed to Tokyo after the late 1860s.
And here a new space, Ginza Red Brick District, was constructed in 1872.
It was a western-style brick district.
Before that, most of the Japanese buildings and houses were made of wood,
so Red Brick District was quite new and quite western style.
But this Red Brick District was connected to Yokohama
by first railway from Shimbashi to Yokohama.
And Yokohama-- this is Shimbashi and this
is Ginza-- so Yokohama is the first International port in Japan.
So every foreign people from Western countries and commodities
and information first landed at Yokohama and then moved to Shimbashi
by this railway.
And they got off the train and they moved in this Ginza Red Brick District.
After that, there was a foreign concession or settlement
for foreign people in Tsukiji.
Today, Tsukiji is famous because of the fish market, but in those days,
Tsukiji was a foreign settlement.
So Tsukiji, Ginza, Shimbashi, and the railway
to Yokohama-- all of these urban spaces were
new package of gate for Western civilization.
This kind of a gate, or a window for the West,
is a basic image of this district.
We can see many woodblock print pictures about these different kind
of urban spaces and urban cores from those days.
There are many pictures of these districts in ukiyo-e, woodblock print,
lithograph, and the photographs from Edo era.
This is a picture of Ryogoku.
Ryogoku was one of the most busiest areas from Edo era.
And at this center of the picture you can see Sumida River.
Sumida River is a border of Edo.
So this bridge, that is very important.
And this bridge was a border from inside and outside, and around this bridge
the many theaters, merchants, and restaurants,
and a huge amount of people are gathering.
This is a typical image of cultural core in Edo era.
After the 20th century, Asakusa became one of the busiest cultural cores
in Tokyo.
This is an image of Asakusa.
So you can see many movie theaters and opera houses, and also
Asakusa's amusement park.
All these kinds of amusement facilities are
concentrated around a pond of Asakusa.
This is an image of Asakusa and the attractiveness
of Asakusa in those days.
This is an image of railway station of Shimbashi.
Shimbashi Station was started from the 1870s and, for the people,
this station was entrance gate towards the West.
This is the foreign settlement of Tsukiji.
Here you can see the first semi-Western style
hotels and some of the embassies and other foreign facilities.
Tsukiji was a very much Western-style district in those days
and some of the Christian hospitals and also
a Christian school and the university was started from this district.
And this is an image of Ginza Brick District.
At the end of this brick district, you also
can see the locomotive train moving from left to right.
That means this locomotive train is moving from Shimbashi to Yokohama.
And beyond this locomotive train, you also can see Yokohama port and the sea.
And on this sea, there are some ships.
So maybe these ships came from America or European countries
and moved out from those foreign countries.
So this is an image of Ginza Red Brick District
and this image explains how people accept
that image of gate toward new civilization.
Ginza became one of the most fashionable and fancy and trendy cultural areas
after the 1920s.
So many department stores and the restaurants, other kinds of facilities,
established in this district and modern boys
or modern girls enjoyed to walk around district.
This is an image of this district after the 1920s.
In the related course of "Visualizing Japan," Professor Andy Gordon and John
Dower and those professors explain about the history
of this district in more detail so we can
remember what happened in this district in modern times.
End of transcript. Skip to the start.
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Lecture 1.1: Views from the U.S. Air Force
NARRATOR: Succeeding bomber groups add their devastation
to the smoking targets.
SHUNYA YOSHIMI: World War II was the first war
where area bombing played a central role in the battle.
German Air Force bombed London, and London was destroyed completely.
British and America air force bombed Dresden and other German cities.
NARRATOR: The bombers turn and go downwind.
Japan's air force bombed Chinese cities: Shanghai, Nanjing, and Chongqing.
And the US air force bombed Okinawa, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki,
and more than 200 cities in Japan.
And by this bombing, 330,000 people died.
Most of this bombing was done after March 1945.
At the moment, Japanese air defense had already collapsed.
So American air force could do the bombing from low altitude at midnight.
These bombings include fire bomb and also napalm bomb.
This kind of the air force bombing continued even after the war.
During Korean War, Vietnam War, and even Gulf and Iraq War.
So we can consider the continuity of air force bombing
throughout 20th century and early 21st century,
especially during Cold War era.
I'm going to show some of the pictures of destroyed Tokyo
by air force bombing at the end of the war.
This is a picture of destroyed Tokyo after March 10 bombing.
You can see the center of Tokyo was almost burned out.
This is northeast downtown Tokyo.
You can see the river of Sumida River.
Sumida River is the widest river which goes through northeast Tokyo downtown.
This is an area of northeast downtown Tokyo,
and you also can see the Sumida River.
These pictures were taken by American Air Force.
So this is the landscape viewed by American Air Force.
The number of Japanese victims in World War II.
So in Hiroshima, more than 200,000 people
died because of atomic bomb in August 1945.
In Okinawa, more than 150,000 people died by the battle in June 1945.
But in Tokyo, around 100,000 people died by the bombing by American air force.
So Tokyo, Okinawa, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki,
these four areas were the area where most of the people died by the battle
at the end of the war.
This map shows the burned-out area of Tokyo by the bombing.
So one-third of this city was completely burned and destroyed
by the end of the war.
This was the starting point of post-war Tokyo.
And I'm going to explain and discuss about what
happened after this complete destruction during post-war era.
2.1 Entrance and Disappearance of the Emperor
Tokyo was the imperial city.
Imperial city means the city where the emperor lives.
But the meaning of the emperor, in Japanese,
and the meaning of the emperor in the Western world
is a little bit different.
In Japanese it is called tenno.
But tenno was very different, in two ways, from Western world.
First, tenno was a religious and cultural center
who is confined in Kyoto area.
The political center of Edo era was shogun, who lived in Edo.
And secondly, tenno was a sacred figure or sacred body,
which cannot be seen or touched by other people.
So the body of the emperor, or tenno, should
be concealed in some very limited spaces.
For example, after the Meiji Restoration, the body of a tenno
was moved from Kyoto to Edo, because the new political leader of the Meiji
government wanted to bring his body to Tokyo
and tried to transform his centricity from not only the cultural
and the religious center, to but also political center.
So this moving was necessary for them.
But even in this tour, from Kyoto to Edo, the palanquin concealed his body.
You can see this palanquin, or carriage, in this picture, or woodblock print.
Gray and black and yellow carriage is emperor's carriage.
But we cannot see his body at all.
So, in this stage, there are no visual relationship between emperor
and ordinary people in this society.
But after the 1870s, the new visual relationship between emperor
and the people in this nation was invented and promoted.
In the 1870s, emperor toured all around the area in this nation.
And in this process, because he visited in many villages and towns,
people were ordered to watch the emperor directly.
In Edo period, the people should not watch the emperor, or shogun.
But in this process, they were ordered to watch.
And after the 1880s, for example, in this woodblock print,
the emperor is a person who is behind.
But he watched the map of the Korean Peninsula.
Because this is a picture just before first Sino-Japanese war.
And all the political leaders in Meiji government
watch this map with strong desire, or intention of invasion and imperialism.
On the other hand, many performances and bodies and area
was watched by emperor's gaze.
In this woodblock print, people who are training the body in athletic movement
was watched by emperor.
And this watching, or this gazing, legitimized their athletic movement,
or their performance.
The visual relationship between emperor and his subject
was very much important moment of constructing the power structure
in this nation, after the Meiji era.
So after the middle of Meiji era, the portrait of emperor was taken by photo,
and distributed all around the nation in elementary school,
or local government, and many other official institutions.
This is a portrait of Meiji Emperor.
Actually, this portrait was drawn by Italian painter named Chiossone.
And this picture, or drawn portrait, was taken by photographer.
And the photograph of portrait was distributed all around this society.
In this photograph, elementary or junior high school students
bowed in front of the emperor's photograph.
But the emperor's photograph in the white monument
was not shown to the students at all.
So the relationship between the emperor's photograph or portrait
and students became a kind of invisible relationship, which
is different from the visible relationship between these two
in Meiji era.
So there are two stages.
On the first hand, on the first place, the invisible sacred relationship
has changed towards the visual relationship
between emperor and his subject.
But again, in Showa era, that this visual relationship
between emperor and his subject was turned
to some kind of invisible relationship.
In order to summarize what I discussed in this unit,
we can understand the relationship between the people
and emperor in the picture left side.
Because there is a kind of a cloud between people and emperor.
So the gazing, or other kind of the perspective from the people, cannot go,
or cannot reach, to emperor.
They only can feel or can imagine the sacred body of emperor
beyond this cloud.
But after the Meiji Restoration, the government
tried to construct the direct visual relationship between people and emperor
because it is so important to construct the new political order
of this modern nation.
But at the same time, after the 1920s or 1930s,
this direct visual relationship has changed a little,
or in some way toward, in some sense, invisible relationship.
So visuality and invisibility, or visibility and invisibility,
between ruling class people and ordinary people,
or emperor and the people in the nation, was
quite important to think in a whole understanding of the power
relationship of this society.
Lecture 3.1: Celebrating the Economic Growth
In May 1959, Tokyo was selected as the venue for the 18th Olympic Games
In 1964.
In the General Assembly of International Olympic Committee, IOC,
the people in the Sports Association and Japanese Government
were very eager to host the Olympic games again from 1950s
because Tokyo was already selected as the Olympic venue in 1940.
The Olympics in 1940 was prepared but canceled because of war.
So just after the occupation ended, the government
and the people in the Sports Association wanted
to invite the Olympic Games in this city again.
They started to contact key people in IOC.
They argued Tokyo had the ability to host the Olympic games even
after the war.
So there's a kind of continuity from prewar period
to postwar period in terms of hosting the Olympic Games or the Olympic
Games in 1940 and the Olympic Games in 1964.
But at the same time, the Olympic Games of 1964
was held at the exact moment when the Japanese postwar economy was
rapidly growing.
So there's a strong connection between the celebration of these Olympic Games
and the celebration of Japanese rapid economic growth.
Especially because of Japanese rapid economic growth,
these Olympic Games became a very important occasion
to promote many urban constructions, construction
of new roads, a new expressway, and new buildings, and new stadiums.
For example, this photograph shows the celebration
of the decision of this hosting.
But this photograph also on the one hand shows such kind of the celebration
but at the same time you can see that many small old houses,
crowded houses in downtown Tokyo.
So you can see the sharp contrast between the new big buildings
and at the same time small tiny old houses in Tokyo.
This is the landscape of Tokyo in late 1950s.
Many people were living in small, old houses.
But at the same time new construction was going on.
In this process of preparing for the Olympic Games,
many new roads and many buildings were constructed,
including Yoyogi Olympic Stadium and Olympic Village, and also
Komazawa Olympic Park, and the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway.
The network of this expressway changed the landscape of Tokyo very much.
And Shinkansen.
Shinkansen is a super rapid express railway between Tokyo and Osaka.
And other streets and the Tokyo Monorail,
which brings the people to Haneda Airport.
So all of this new transportation system and new stadium
were constructed in this process.
This is a photograph of the National Stadium in Aoyama.
This stadium was already constructed before the decision.
But it was reformed.
And this national gymnasium was a new construction designed by Kenzo Tange.
When the construction was accomplished in Yoyogi,
these two buildings were so impressive and became very famous
of this architecture.
Also this is Komawaza Olympic Park.
This Olympic Park became the very familiar place for the many citizens
in Tokyo.
And this is Aoyama Street under construction in 1963.
So some of the main streets in Tokyo were constructed or rebuilt
in that moment.
And this is the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway on the river
or on the canal, because this new highway system was constructed
basically on the river and canal in Tokyo.
And besides this expressway, the monorail toward Haneda Airport
was also constructed.
And of course, Shinkansen, the super express railway to Osaka.
So after all this kind of the construction,
the Tokyo Olympics was started with this opening ceremony.
This photograph shows the lighting of the Olympic flame.
So we can see some of the moving images of Tokyo
just before the Olympic Games started.
The most important point of the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964
was its relationship with rapid economic growth in Japan in the 1960s.
This graph shows the increase of GDP in Japan in the 1960s.
And you can understand the Olympic Games took place
exactly when the Japanese economy was growing.
This relationship repeated in the Seoul Olympic Games and the Beijing Olympic
Games again and again.
This graph shows the Korean GDP and the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988.
The Seoul Olympic Games took place exactly when
the Korean GDP or economy was growing.
And also this graph shows the relationship
between the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008
and Chinese economic growth after 2000.
So you also can understand that the Beijing Olympic
Games was held when the Chinese economy was rapidly growing.
In all of these three cases, there were relationships
between the Olympic Games and economic growth.
And in Tokyo in the 1960s, through holding the Olympic Games,
the Tokyo city was developed and expanded in many ways.
So we are going to consider or discuss the relationship between the Olympic
Games in 1964 and the expansion of Tokyo in the 1960s.
Through considering this relationship we can understand
or we can get some kind of insight to consider about the Seoul Olympic
Games or Beijing Olympic Games, too.
End of transcript. Skip to the start.
4.1 Concentration and Urban Culture
In the first and second modules, I discussed the city
as the place of "gazing."
The visual relationship between occupier and occupied or the relationship
between emperor and the people in this nation.
As I talked in the first week, American occupation army
came to Japan with their new visualizing technology,
especially a huge number of cameras.
And by these cameras, the people, activity, landscape in occupied Japan
was precisely documented.
But on the other hand, the people and occupation army
who documented in this society were not so much visualized.
In other words, the fact of the occupation
itself was not so much visualized.
The image of the Douglas MacArthur or the image of occupation
are prohibited to be visualized.
Instead of this lack of visualization, the image of Emperor Hirohito
did appear in front of people.
So the image of Hirohito or image of emperor
and his visit in many cities and countries
and the relationship between emperor and the people in this nation
again and again visualized and performed in many media and events.
So there's a kind of continuity from before the war
and after the war in terms of visual relationship between emperor
and the people in this nation.
Throughout all of these discussions, I consider the city as a place of gazing.
But here I want to emphasize that the city is not only the place of gazing
but also it's the place of concentration.
What I mean by the word of "concentration"--
concentration of culture, economic activity, and of course, population.
Population concentration and economic concentration
and cultural concentration interact and related with each other.
In some cases, these different dimensions
contradict and clash with each other.
Tokyo, especially postwar Tokyo, was a huge metropolis
to which people concentrated and economic activity concentrated,
and also cultural activity concentrated.
But more than that, also within this huge metropolis
there is some district where many cultural and economic activities
concentrate and the people gathered very densely.
Here, Shinjuku, Shibuya, Ikebukuro, or Asakusa or Ginza--
all these kind of district is a place where
more and more people concentrated and cultural and economic activity
concentrated, more than many other districts.
So we can say these kind of the district as urban core.
There are many urban cores in Tokyo throughout modern and postwar history,
but the structure of these urban cores are different with each other
from a historical perspective.
I will explain about the difference of these urban cores.
Tokyo was called Edo until the middle 19th century.
The population of Edo was already more than one million,
so it was a huge metropolis already.
But the center of this city-- this is Edo.
The center of this city was occupied by ruling class samurai people--
so merchants, artisans, or religious people,
or ordinary citizen cannot get into this center.
It is quite different from European cities.
So urban core-- I mean, urban core is a concentrated area
of people and activity and so on.
So urban core of this city were located at the fringe
of this city-- this is Asakusa, this is Ryogoku, and this is Shiba.
All these districts were a kind of cultural center
or cultural core of the city.
But this area was at the fringe of this city.
That means border of inside and outside of the city.
This is a typical pattern of urban core or cultural core of premodern cities.
But after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, new type of urban space
was implemented in this city.
Edo was renamed to Tokyo after the late 1860s.
And here a new space, Ginza Red Brick District, was constructed in 1872.
It was a western-style brick district.
Before that, most of the Japanese buildings and houses were made of wood,
so Red Brick District was quite new and quite western style.
But this Red Brick District was connected to Yokohama
by first railway from Shimbashi to Yokohama.
And Yokohama-- this is Shimbashi and this
is Ginza-- so Yokohama is the first International port in Japan.
So every foreign people from Western countries and commodities
and information first landed at Yokohama and then moved to Shimbashi
by this railway.
And they got off the train and they moved in this Ginza Red Brick District.
After that, there was a foreign concession or settlement
for foreign people in Tsukiji.
Today, Tsukiji is famous because of the fish market, but in those days,
Tsukiji was a foreign settlement.
So Tsukiji, Ginza, Shimbashi, and the railway
to Yokohama-- all of these urban spaces were
new package of gate for Western civilization.
This kind of a gate, or a window for the West,
is a basic image of this district.
We can see many woodblock print pictures about these different kind
of urban spaces and urban cores from those days.
There are many pictures of these districts in ukiyo-e, woodblock print,
lithograph, and the photographs from Edo era.
This is a picture of Ryogoku.
Ryogoku was one of the most busiest areas from Edo era.
And at this center of the picture you can see Sumida River.
Sumida River is a border of Edo.
So this bridge, that is very important.
And this bridge was a border from inside and outside, and around this bridge
the many theaters, merchants, and restaurants,
and a huge amount of people are gathering.
This is a typical image of cultural core in Edo era.
After the 20th century, Asakusa became one of the busiest cultural cores
in Tokyo.
This is an image of Asakusa.
So you can see many movie theaters and opera houses, and also
Asakusa's amusement park.
All these kinds of amusement facilities are
concentrated around a pond of Asakusa.
This is an image of Asakusa and the attractiveness
of Asakusa in those days.
This is an image of railway station of Shimbashi.
Shimbashi Station was started from the 1870s and, for the people,
this station was entrance gate towards the West.
This is the foreign settlement of Tsukiji.
Here you can see the first semi-Western style
hotels and some of the embassies and other foreign facilities.
Tsukiji was a very much Western-style district in those days
and some of the Christian hospitals and also
a Christian school and the university was started from this district.
And this is an image of Ginza Brick District.
At the end of this brick district, you also
can see the locomotive train moving from left to right.
That means this locomotive train is moving from Shimbashi to Yokohama.
And beyond this locomotive train, you also can see Yokohama port and the sea.
And on this sea, there are some ships.
So maybe these ships came from America or European countries
and moved out from those foreign countries.
So this is an image of Ginza Red Brick District
and this image explains how people accept
that image of gate toward new civilization.
Ginza became one of the most fashionable and fancy and trendy cultural areas
after the 1920s.
So many department stores and the restaurants, other kinds of facilities,
established in this district and modern boys
or modern girls enjoyed to walk around district.
This is an image of this district after the 1920s.
In the related course of "Visualizing Japan," Professor Andy Gordon and John
Dower and those professors explain about the history
of this district in more detail so we can
remember what happened in this district in modern times.
End of transcript. Skip to the start.